Zoology

Respiratory System  Primarily for respiration, the process of taking in oxygen and giving of Carbon Dioxide  Respiratory quotient – Ration of the volume of Carbon Dioxide given off to the Oxygen consumed.  Types of Animals according to their source of Oxygen o Aerobic Animals – Derive Oxygen from air or water. (i.e. man, frog) o Anaerobic Animals – Derive Oxygen from the metabolism of carbohydrates and other important macromolecules (i.e. bacteria, arthropods)  Goblet Cells –...

Types of Circulatory Systems  Features o Fluid – Blood or Hemolymph which transports material o System of Blood vessels o Heart – Pumps the fluid through the vessels.  Types o Open – Fluid is circulated through an open body chamber  Example: Arthropods – Hemolymph is contained in the body cavity, which is the hemocoel. A series of hearts circulates the fluid. o Closed – Fluid is circulated through blood vessels.  Example: Earthworms – Blood is moved through the blood vess...

Immunity  Ability of an organism to resist infection by foreign invaders. The Immune System  Specialized cells and proteins designed to identify and destroy foreign invaders and abnormal substances before they can damage the body.  Function o Defends body against foreign invaders. o Can distinguish between self and non-self.

Blood Vessels  Part of circulatory system that transports blood throughout the body.  Three major types (Arterous - Redirects blood AWAY from the heart / Venous Redirects blood TOWARDS the heart) o Arteries (Contains OXYGENATED blood) o Arterioles o Capillaries o Veins (Contains DEOXYGENATED blood) o Venules  Layers of the blood vessels o Tunica Interna o Tunica Media (Thickest layer in the Arteries) o Tunica Externa (Thickest Layer in the Veins)

Types of Circulation  Systemic Circulation o Network of vessels that carry blood from the heart to the body and vice versa. o Does not include the lungs  Coronary Circulation o Network of arteries and veins that supplies blood to all the cells of the heart.  Pulmonary Circulation o Network of vessels that carries blood to and from the lungs. o Does not include the body.

Excretory System  Process of ridding the body waste resulting from metabolism  Regulation of water balance.  Other means of excretion o Lungs - Giving off of Carbon Dioxide, water, and some heavy metals which are voided from the feces. o Liver - Bile pigments excreted by the liver during breakdown of hemoglobin and some water. o Skin - Eliminates water together with salts, traces of Carbon Dioxide, and some nitrogenous gases.

The Excretory System  Invertebrates o Protozoa (Paramecium, Grasshopper): use of contractile vacuole to transport waste material out of the body. o Platyhelminthes (Flatworms): make use of flame cells (protonephridia), which propel waste into excretory tubules with the use of cilia o Annelida, Arthropoda, and Mollusca: makes use of nephridia, which picks up waste products from the coelom and blood and expel these through pores of the nephridia.

Principal Metabolic products  Metabolic Wastes o Substances leftover from excretory processes which the body does not need anymore. (CO2, Phosphates, Sulphates, Nitrogen Compounds)  Nitrogen Wastes o Marine animals excrete nitrogen directly to the surrounding water o Terrestrial creatures convert ammonia into urea  Ureothelic o Organisms which produce Urea as a by-product

Bohr Effect  Tendency of the hemoglobin to unload its oxygen when it encounters low pH Egg Development  Outline o Gamete formation o Fertilization - Union of Male and Female gametes o Cleavage - Rapid cell divisions. Each cell is called a Blastomere. Little growth occurs.  Mitotic Division of the fertilized ovum  Micromere - Smaller Blastomere  Macromere - Larger Blastomere  Holoblastic Cleavage (Humans) - Total Blastomeres are divided  Meroblastic Cleavage (Birds) - Portio...