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ARBs - Losartan Losartan mechanism of action - blocks angiotensin II receptors and blocks aldosterone Losartan therapeutic effect - Treats hypertension, heart failure and myocardial infarction Losartan adverse effects - Fatigue, headache, dizziness, rare angioedema Losartan interactions - NSAIDs and diuretics ARBs benefit over ACEI - no cough, no hyperkalemia, no first dose hypertension ACE Inhibitors - Captopril Captopril mechanism of action - Reduces conversion of angioten...

What is stenosis? - hardening or narrowing of a valve, it makes it difficult for blood to flow past it, but bloods still flows normally through the heart What is regurgitation? - blood moves backwards through the valve. The blood moves both ways, in and out What happens with Aortic Stentosis? - If there's sever aortic stenosis you will not get as much blood flow through the body. The body will start shunting from less vital organs to more vital. The SNS will kick in causing an increased H...

Head in the Clouds Giraffes are the tallest animals on land. An adult giraffe has a neck that exceeds 2 m in length. This neck enables a giraffe to access food that other animals cannot reach and detect predators from a long distance. Studies have shown that giraffes will browse trees at heights that other herbivores cannot reach. The water and nutrients gained from leaves enhance a giraffe's fitness by increasing survival and reproduction. However, a long neck comes with a cost: the heart m...

Distinguish Characteristics - Phylum Porifera Characteristics - - sponges - considered the basal animal - sessile animals - lack true tissues -filter feeders -hermaphrodites phylum Cnidaria characteristics - - have true tissues -gastrovascular cavity -ring of tentacles with cnidocytes to capture prey - polys and medusa phylum Platyhelminthes - flatworms -dorsoventrally flattened bodies - Flat shape increases surface area for nutrient, gas, and waste exchange - Found in mar...

Which group is not a population? A. People B. Bacteria C. Giant pandas D. Bark scorpions E. All four groups are populations - E How would you estimate the number of whales in a population? - Mark and recapture True or False? Sampling quadrants would be the better method for estimating the number of whales in a population. - False; by putting down little sub-samples and counting how many whales are in there, those whales could leave and swim somewhere else so that when you put a quadra...

Be familiar with the common characteristics of animals. - - Multicellular heterotrophs - cells lack cell walls -most have nerves, muscles, and capacity to move at some point in the life cycle - able to reproduce sexually - specialized sensory structures and nervous system - cells exist in extensive extracellular matrix - unique cell junctions What type of life cycle do all animals show? - gametic What is the most likely ancestor of animals? - choanoflagellates What are the 3 majo...

What is systematics? - Study of biological diversity and the evolutionary relationships among organisms, both extinct and modern What is Taxonomy? - Science of describing, naming, and classifying living and extinct organisms and viruses What are the 8 categories of taxonomic hierarchy (in order from species upward to broader classifications)? - Species, Genus, Family, Order, Class, Phylum, Kingdom, Domain Who is the scientist that proposed the current two-part naming system for each spe...

What is extinction? - The loss or death of a species What is mass extinction? - A decline in biodiversity greater than the background extinction rate What is background extinction? - Background extinction occurs when certain populations are reduced to zero because of normal environment change, emerging disease, predation pressure, or competition with another species How are mass extinctions detected and how many have been detected? - They're detected geologically, and there have been 5...

What are some commone characteristics of animals? - multicellular heterotrophs lack of cell walls nervous tissue sexual reproduction Hox genes What life cycle does all animal show? - gametic What are the likely ancestors of animals? - chaonoflagellates protists What are 3 major features to classify animals? - 1. presence or absense of different tissue types 2. type of body symmetry 3. specific features of embryonic development What are the 3 different type of tissues (ends in z...