Devikadas

Actinomycetes refer to prokaryotic organisms that are having a gram-positive cell wall. The morphology of actinomycetes is more or less similar to the fungi because they can also produce a filamentous, dense, branched and raised colony over the substrate like fungi. They are the true bacteria (not fungus) and placed in the kingdom “Bacteria” and a class “Actinobacteria”. These are ubiquitous in nature (commonly found in soil). In addition to soil, they are also very common in m...

A drug is a chemical substance, typically of known structure, which, when administered to a living organism, produces a biological effect. A pharmaceutical drug, also called a medication or medicine, is a chemical substance used to treat, cure, prevent, or diagnose a disease or to promote well-being.  Traditionally drugs were obtained through extraction from medicinal plants, but more recently also by organic synthesis Over the last decade, computers have been used to aid and acc...

Gene mapping describes the methods used to identify the locus of a gene and the distances between genes. Gene mapping can also describe the distances between different sites within a gene. The essence of all genome mapping is to place a collection of molecular markers onto their respective positions on the genome.

In order for the body to function properly, it needs a way to get rid of toxins and other waste materials. That’s where the KIDNEYS come in Their main function is to filter the blood and remove any unwanted substances from the body. These tests are done to assess the functions of different parts of nephrons, Renal clearance of a substance is the volume of plasma that is completely cleared of a substance by the kidneys per unit time.

A vitamin is an organic molecule that is an essential micronutrient that an organism needs in small quantities for the proper functioning of its metabolism. Vitamins play a vital role in many biochemical functions in the human body and are essential components for maintaining optimal health. There are two main groups of vitamins – fat-soluble (easily stored in fat upon absorption) and water-soluble (washed out and not easily stored). The water-soluble vitamins include Vitamin C and Vitamin...

It is a device in which a substrate of low value is utilized by living cells or enzymes to produce a product of higher value. They are extensively used for the culturing of both eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells. Fermenter is slightly different from a bioreactor. It is mainly used for the culturing of prokaryotic cells. Bioreactors are extensively used for food processing, fermentation, waste treatment etc. the main function of a bioreactor is to provide a controlled environment for growth of mic...

It is a process of removal of contaminants from a surface or a substance. Sterilization should be proper with a single step. It will be more effective in a closed system. Most fermenters are of open type. In them initial sterilization is done in a system to keep them sterile throughout by ensuring the removal of any contaminant at the entry or exit point.

The growth media meant for the culturing of a production strain and the subsequent production of their microbial cells or biochemical product is referred to as production or fermentation medium. Designing of a production medium is a problem involved in fermentation industry. Hence it is a trial and error method. Usually fermentation media is in liquid state to facilitate fermentation. Ideal production media should have the following characteristics. • Produce maximum yield of product biomass...

The culture used to initiate a fermentation process must be viable and free from contamination, so it has to be preserved to eliminate contamination, genetic changes and to retain viability. The organism is kept viable by repeated subculture in fresh media. But each time a cell divide during sub culturing there is a chance for mutation. Repeated sub culturing involves many divisions resulting in variation and contamination and microorganisms that carry out new fermentations or which provide high...

When an organism producing available products is identified, it becomes necessary to increase the product yield from fermentation to minimize production cost. Product yield can be increased by developing a suitable medium for fermentation, refining the fermentation process, improving the productivity of the strain. Generally major improvements arise through the last approach. The techniques and approaches used to genetically modify the organism to increase the production of desired product is ...