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10. Germ Layer Specification
- Class notes • 8 pages • 2020
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- Discuss the evidence for the nodal morphogen acting during mesoderm induction.
- Discuss the concept of the vertebrate dorsal organiser.
- Discuss the evidence that the brachyury transcription factor is a conserved regulator of germ layer specification.
- Draw conclusions regarding the molecular pathways regulating development of Urbilateria.
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12. Epigenetics Introduction
- Class notes • 10 pages • 2020
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- To have gained an understanding of why epigenetics is relevant to development
- To understand that DNA methylation can impact gene expression and be able to describe an experimental approach to test this
- To explain how patterns of DNA methylation can be maintained through DNA replication
- To understand that covalent histone modifications form a code that can impact gene expression
- To explain how some histone modifications can be maintained through DNA replication
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5. Patterning Neural Tube
- Class notes • 7 pages • 2020
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-Describe and interpret the embryological experiments that demonstrated a role for the notochord and floorplate in motor neuron induction.
-Describe and interpret the experiments that show Shh acts as a morphogen to pattern the ventral neural tube. 
-Be able to explain the concept of morphogen using examples.
-Describe the Shh signal transduction pathway.
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7. Induction Migration of Neural Crest
- Class notes • 7 pages • 2020
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- Explain the significance of the neural crest lineage to vertebrate anatomy.
- Distinguish the ventral-lateral and dorsal pathways of neural crest migration.
- Give examples of cell types derived from specific AP regions of neural crest. 
- Describe and interpret experiments used to ‘fate map’ neural crest cells in avian embryos.
- Describe and interpret experiments used to determine the developmental potential of neural crest cells in avian embryos.
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3. Neural Induction
- Class notes • 6 pages • 2020
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- Appreciate and describe the molecular mechanisms underlying neural induction
- Describe TGF-beta (TGF-β) signal transduction and the differences between the BMP versus nodal pathways
- Discuss the experiments that demonstrate a role for BMP antagonists in vertebrate neural induction
- Describe how antisense morpholino oligos can be used to inhibit gene function
- Appreciate and describe the differences between the processes of neural induction versus neurogenesis
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6. Limb Development
- Class notes • 7 pages • 2020
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- Identify the important signalling centres in the developing limb bud and describe the experiments that identified these centres and demonstrated their importance.
- Describe the experimental evidence for the role of FGF signalling in limb bud outgrowth
- Describe the experimental evidence that shows that Shh acts as a morphogen to pattern the anterior-posterior axis of the limb bud.
- Describe how the important signalling centres in the limb bud co-ordinately regulate pattern formation in the ...
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9. Backs & Fronts
- Class notes • 7 pages • 2020
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- Discuss the evidence supporting a role for tinman homologues in heart development
- Discuss the anatomical and molecular evidence supporting the theory of dorsoventral axis inversion during the evolution of protostome and deuterostome lineages.
- Describe the conserved features of Hox gene cluster organisation.
- Appreciate and discuss how changes in the expression and activity of Hox genes have contributed to changes in anatomy during animal evolution.
- Draw conclusions regarding the molecul...
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Test Bank for Principles of Development 6th Edition by Lewis Wolpert
- Exam (elaborations) • 71 pages • 2022
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Test Bank for Principles of Development 6e 6th edition by Lewis Wolpert, Cheryll Tickle, and Alfonso Martinez Arias. ISBN-13: 0569 
 
Full Chapters test bank included 
 
1:History and basic concepts 
2:Drosophila life cycle and development of the body plan 
3:Vertebrate life cycles, experimental techniques & human development 
4:Laying down the vertebrate body plan: Xenopus and zebrafish 
5:Laying down and completing the vertebrate body plan: chick and mouse 
6:Development of nematodes and sea u...
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1. Segmentation Genes
- Class notes • 7 pages • 2020
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-Describe the hierarchy of gene activity that regulates Drosophila segmentation
-Distinguish and explain methods used to investigate protein vs mRNA expression
-Describe the syncytial nature of the early stages of fly development and understand its significance.
-Understand and describe at the molecular level how the Gap genes regulate the expression of Eve stripe 2
-Make predictions about segment polarity gene expression in a pair-rule mutant embryo or about pair-rule gene expression in a Gap m...
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13. Histone Modifications
- Class notes • 9 pages • 2020
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- Provide an overview of the polycomb and trithorax group complexes and their activities
- Describe evidence that indicates stem cell chromatin is in an open ‘permissive’ state
- Understand what is bivalent chromatin and why it may be important for stem cell biology and development
- Understand the steps of chromatin immunoprecipitation and why it is a useful technique in epigenetic studies
- Describe the Nodal signalling example and experimental approach, and understand how it illustrates ...
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